Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu

Ajoma Simon Okwoche; Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo; Inyabri Samuel Atam; Tawo Alfrd Oyong; Onah Gabriel

doi:doi:10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12

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Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo, Inyabri Samuel Atam, Tawo Alfrd Oyong, Onah Gabriel

Published in Arabic Language, Literature & Culture (Volume 5, Issue 4)

Received: 30 June 2020 Accepted: 22 September 2020 Published: 31 December 2020

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Abstract

In the past, many archaeological researchers have targeted on unearthing the earliest origin of this technological know-how in the continent of Africa and its diversification or diffusion to different parts of the continent. Many of such researches have taken place in the Nsukka vicinity of Enugu, Nigeria. Some of the communities in the Nsukka subculture location have traces of this earliest technological know-how in their environment with little or no sizable answer to their origin. To this regard, this study is aimed at; studying one of the earliest technologies of Africans in this phase of Nigeria, conduct a reconnaissance and ethnographic research in Affa community, excavate an iron smelting web site in the community, decide the starting place of the humans and that of the iron smelting, and determine the cultural correlate of the extinct and extant societies of Affa. Ethnoarchaeology studies are useful to archaeology because it helps to draw analogy between the past and the present. The archaeologist uses ethnography to reconstruct past human culture by detailed study of the technology (tools), behaviour and environment of present day people in order to properly understand and reconstruct artifacts, eco-facts and features recovered from excavation. The study reveals that they were iron smelters.

Published in	Arabic Language, Literature & Culture (Volume 5, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12
Page(s)	51-63
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Excavation, Potsherd, Cultural Materials, Stratigraphy Level

References

[1]	Andah, B. W. and A. I. Okpoko, (1994). Practicing archaeology in Africa. Ibadan: Wisdom Publishers Limited.
[2]	Bray, W. and D. Trump, (1975). The penguin dictionary of archaeology. Britain: The Penguin Press.
[3]	Elochukwu Nwankwo (2014) Ethnoarchaeological Survey Of Obimo: A Fieldwork Report Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Enugu State, Nigeria, journal of economy knowledge Vol.1, No2, pp 48-61
[4]	Hester, T. R., R. F. Heinzer and J. M. Graham, (1975). Field methods in archaeology. UK: Mayfield Publishing Company.
[5]	Igbo, E. U. M. & Okpoko. P. U (2006) theoretical consideration in tourism planning and development’’ issue in tourism planning and development, Okpoko. P. U (ed). Nsukka: Afro-orbis publication, Co. ltd.
[6]	Kay G. and Wright, D. M. (1962) 'Aspects of the Ushi iron industry', Northern Rhodesia Journal, V, 30-1.22
[7]	Njoku, O. N., (2002). Indigenous science and technology in precolonial Nigeria: The examples of medicare and iron-working. In Nsukka Journal of the Humanities No. 12: 21-40.
[8]	Nze, C. A., (2006). Excavation of an iron smelting site in Richard Ugwuoke’s compound tagged, Ugwuoke Richard Obimo, 2006. A Fieldwork Report Submitted to the Department of Archaeology and Tourism University of Nigeria Nsukka.
[9]	Ofomata, G. E. K., (1978). The Nsukka environment. In G. E. K. Ofomata (Ed). Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
[10]	Okpoko, A. I., (1982). Ethnoarchaeological investigations in parts of Anambra valley. An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan.
[11]	Ozor, E. & Francis, O. (2019). Ethnography of Affa kingdom interview oral tradition 25^th 03- 2019
[12]	Nwafor, V. (2019). ‘pottery production’ interviewed oral tradition 25^th- 03-2019
[13]	Whiteman, J. A. and E. E. Okafor, (2003). Characterization of Nigerian bloomery iron smelting slag. In Historical Metallurgy, 37(2). Available from http://cat.inist.fr/?amodel=affiche N&cpsidt=15545214.
[14]	Wilson, D., (1975). The new archaeology. New York: Knopf.
[15]	http://www.comunsellcolorchart7.5yrdiagram
[16]	http://www.fieldworkcatographicmapdigitalizationgislabart/timUNN

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APA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo, Inyabri Samuel Atam, Tawo Alfrd Oyong, Onah Gabriel. (2020). Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu. Arabic Language, Literature & Culture, 5(4), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12

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Ajoma Simon Okwoche; Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo; Inyabri Samuel Atam; Tawo Alfrd Oyong; Onah Gabriel. Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu. Arab. Lang. Lit. Cult. 2020, 5(4), 51-63. doi: 10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12

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AMA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo, Inyabri Samuel Atam, Tawo Alfrd Oyong, Onah Gabriel. Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu. Arab Lang Lit Cult. 2020;5(4):51-63. doi: 10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12

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@article{10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12,
  author = {Ajoma Simon Okwoche and Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo and Inyabri Samuel Atam and Tawo Alfrd Oyong and Onah Gabriel},
  title = {Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu},
  journal = {Arabic Language, Literature & Culture},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {51-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.allc.20200504.12},
  abstract = {In the past, many archaeological researchers have targeted on unearthing the earliest origin of this technological know-how in the continent of Africa and its diversification or diffusion to different parts of the continent. Many of such researches have taken place in the Nsukka vicinity of Enugu, Nigeria. Some of the communities in the Nsukka subculture location have traces of this earliest technological know-how in their environment with little or no sizable answer to their origin. To this regard, this study is aimed at; studying one of the earliest technologies of Africans in this phase of Nigeria, conduct a reconnaissance and ethnographic research in Affa community, excavate an iron smelting web site in the community, decide the starting place of the humans and that of the iron smelting, and determine the cultural correlate of the extinct and extant societies of Affa. Ethnoarchaeology studies are useful to archaeology because it helps to draw analogy between the past and the present. The archaeologist uses ethnography to reconstruct past human culture by detailed study of the technology (tools), behaviour and environment of present day people in order to properly understand and reconstruct artifacts, eco-facts and features recovered from excavation. The study reveals that they were iron smelters.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu
AU  - Ajoma Simon Okwoche
AU  - Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo
AU  - Inyabri Samuel Atam
AU  - Tawo Alfrd Oyong
AU  - Onah Gabriel
Y1  - 2020/12/31
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12
T2  - Arabic Language, Literature & Culture
JF  - Arabic Language, Literature & Culture
JO  - Arabic Language, Literature & Culture
SP  - 51
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2639-9695
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12
AB  - In the past, many archaeological researchers have targeted on unearthing the earliest origin of this technological know-how in the continent of Africa and its diversification or diffusion to different parts of the continent. Many of such researches have taken place in the Nsukka vicinity of Enugu, Nigeria. Some of the communities in the Nsukka subculture location have traces of this earliest technological know-how in their environment with little or no sizable answer to their origin. To this regard, this study is aimed at; studying one of the earliest technologies of Africans in this phase of Nigeria, conduct a reconnaissance and ethnographic research in Affa community, excavate an iron smelting web site in the community, decide the starting place of the humans and that of the iron smelting, and determine the cultural correlate of the extinct and extant societies of Affa. Ethnoarchaeology studies are useful to archaeology because it helps to draw analogy between the past and the present. The archaeologist uses ethnography to reconstruct past human culture by detailed study of the technology (tools), behaviour and environment of present day people in order to properly understand and reconstruct artifacts, eco-facts and features recovered from excavation. The study reveals that they were iron smelters.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Ajoma Simon Okwoche

Department of Archaeology and Tourism, Faculty of Art, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo

Department of Archaeology and Tourism, Faculty of Art, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Inyabri Samuel Atam

Department of Archaeology and Tourism, Faculty of Art, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Tawo Alfrd Oyong

Department of Archaeology and Tourism, Faculty of Art, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
Onah Gabriel

Cross River State Carnival Commission, Calabar, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo, Inyabri Samuel Atam, Tawo Alfrd Oyong, Onah Gabriel. (2020). Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu. Arabic Language, Literature & Culture, 5(4), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12

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ACS Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche; Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo; Inyabri Samuel Atam; Tawo Alfrd Oyong; Onah Gabriel. Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu. Arab. Lang. Lit. Cult. 2020, 5(4), 51-63. doi: 10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12

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AMA Style

Ajoma Simon Okwoche, Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo, Inyabri Samuel Atam, Tawo Alfrd Oyong, Onah Gabriel. Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu. Arab Lang Lit Cult. 2020;5(4):51-63. doi: 10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12

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@article{10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12,
  author = {Ajoma Simon Okwoche and Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo and Inyabri Samuel Atam and Tawo Alfrd Oyong and Onah Gabriel},
  title = {Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu},
  journal = {Arabic Language, Literature & Culture},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {51-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.allc.20200504.12},
  abstract = {In the past, many archaeological researchers have targeted on unearthing the earliest origin of this technological know-how in the continent of Africa and its diversification or diffusion to different parts of the continent. Many of such researches have taken place in the Nsukka vicinity of Enugu, Nigeria. Some of the communities in the Nsukka subculture location have traces of this earliest technological know-how in their environment with little or no sizable answer to their origin. To this regard, this study is aimed at; studying one of the earliest technologies of Africans in this phase of Nigeria, conduct a reconnaissance and ethnographic research in Affa community, excavate an iron smelting web site in the community, decide the starting place of the humans and that of the iron smelting, and determine the cultural correlate of the extinct and extant societies of Affa. Ethnoarchaeology studies are useful to archaeology because it helps to draw analogy between the past and the present. The archaeologist uses ethnography to reconstruct past human culture by detailed study of the technology (tools), behaviour and environment of present day people in order to properly understand and reconstruct artifacts, eco-facts and features recovered from excavation. The study reveals that they were iron smelters.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Affa in Udi local Government Area of Enugu
AU  - Ajoma Simon Okwoche
AU  - Emeka Emmanuel Okonkwo
AU  - Inyabri Samuel Atam
AU  - Tawo Alfrd Oyong
AU  - Onah Gabriel
Y1  - 2020/12/31
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12
T2  - Arabic Language, Literature & Culture
JF  - Arabic Language, Literature & Culture
JO  - Arabic Language, Literature & Culture
SP  - 51
EP  - 63
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2639-9695
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.allc.20200504.12
AB  - In the past, many archaeological researchers have targeted on unearthing the earliest origin of this technological know-how in the continent of Africa and its diversification or diffusion to different parts of the continent. Many of such researches have taken place in the Nsukka vicinity of Enugu, Nigeria. Some of the communities in the Nsukka subculture location have traces of this earliest technological know-how in their environment with little or no sizable answer to their origin. To this regard, this study is aimed at; studying one of the earliest technologies of Africans in this phase of Nigeria, conduct a reconnaissance and ethnographic research in Affa community, excavate an iron smelting web site in the community, decide the starting place of the humans and that of the iron smelting, and determine the cultural correlate of the extinct and extant societies of Affa. Ethnoarchaeology studies are useful to archaeology because it helps to draw analogy between the past and the present. The archaeologist uses ethnography to reconstruct past human culture by detailed study of the technology (tools), behaviour and environment of present day people in order to properly understand and reconstruct artifacts, eco-facts and features recovered from excavation. The study reveals that they were iron smelters.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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